TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE IN INDONESIA
TB disease is a disease that is categorized in infections caused by bacteria Mikobakterium tuberculosis. TB disease can strike at a...
-
We continue to hear stories about child abuse and child sexual abuse in the media. Sometimes these stories make the headlines, and more often they do not. We know that far too many children and families are affected. In 2009, there were 3 million reports of child abuse and neglect involving 6 million children. Of these, approximately 8 percent were reports of sexual abuse. We also know that more than 90 percent of these children knew the perpetrator of the crime. Only a small minority of cases involved sexual abuse by a stranger.
Type of Abuse
Physical Abuse
Physical abuse may involve hitting, shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning or scalding, drowning, suffocating or otherwise causing physical harm to a child.It may also be caused when a parent or carer fabricates symptoms of, or induces illness in a child.Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse is the persistent emotional ill treatment of a child such as to cause severe and persistent effects on the child’s emotional development, and may involve:- Conveying to a child that s/he is worthless, unloved, inadequate, or valued only insofar as s/he meets the needs of another person
- Imposing developmentally inappropriate expectations e.g. interactions beyond the child’s developmental capability, overprotection, limitation of exploration and learning, preventing the child from participation in normal social interaction
- Causing a child to feel frightened or in danger e.g. witnessing domestic violence, seeing or hearing the ill treatment of another
- Exploitation or corruption of a child
Some level of emotional abuse is involved in most types of ill treatment of children, though emotional abuse may occur alone.Sexual abuse
Sexual abuse involves forcing or enticing a child to take part in sexual activities, including prostitution, whether or not s/he is aware of what is happening.Activities may involve physical contact, including penetrative and non-penetrative acts. ‘Penetrative acts’ include ‘rape’ (forced penetration of vagina, anus or mouth with a penis) and ‘assault by penetration’ (sexual penetration of vagina or anus of a child with a part of the body or an object).Sexual activities may also include non-contact activities, e.g. involving a child in looking at / production of abusive images, watching sexual activities or encouraging her/him to behave in sexually inappropriate ways. It may include use of photos, pictures, cartoons, literature or sound recordings via internet, books, magazines, audio cassettes, tapes or CDs.Children under sixteen years of age cannot lawfully consent to sexual intercourse, although in practice may be involved in sexual contact to which, as individuals, they have agreed. A child of under thirteen is considered in law incapable of providing consent.What Should We Do
As caring adults, we might wonder what we can do about it. Eliminating child sexual abuse requires a community-wide response. Parents and guardians, school professionals, other child and family specialists, and law enforcement can all play a vital role in protecting children. There is some good news. Child sexual abuse incidence and prevalence in the United States has declined 49 percent since 1990. Let's explore some of the reasons why and some of the strategies we hope to continue using.In School
School-based programs can make a difference. Educators are in the unique position of having daily contact with many children. They are often the only adults outside of a child's family who have this kind of frequent contact with the child. With training and support, educators can both prevent and effectively intervene in cases of child sexual abuse. Educators also function as legally mandated reporters, with the responsibility of understanding normal child behaviors and recognizing behavioral and physical indicators of child abuse. As mandated reporters, they are required to intervene and follow state laws when there is a concern. To protect children fully, educators must be familiar with indicators, know the reporting policies and procedures, and be able to access resources for children and families in their school and community. In addition, school personnel should be trained to teach personal safety and sexual abuse prevention programs to the children in their classrooms.Dr. David Finkelhor, director of the Crimes Against Children Resource Center, makes the argument in favor of more reliance on education strategies, rather than criminal justice strategies, to prevent abuse and support the well-being and recovery of children who may have experienced sexual abuse. He believes that a community-wide approach that includes and supports school-based prevention education will be more successful than a criminal justice strategy.At Home
Parents and guardians can make a difference. They know their children best and are in the best position to support and reinforce personal safety and sexual abuse prevention skills that may be taught in school. Parents and guardians need to acknowledge that abuse, including child sexual abuse, can occur. Learning what programs, if any, are being taught in their child's school is an important first step. Because of their close relationship with their children, parents are in an excellent position to detect indicators—for example, sudden changes in behavior, such as fear of certain people, places, or things, and so on. Providing early intervention and assistance can prevent negative long-term consequences.Together, we can make a difference. "The decline [in child sexual abuse rates] encourages us to recognize that sexual abuse is not an intractable problem, but one whose incidence can, under appropriate circumstances, be dramatically reduced relatively quickly," says Dr. Finkelhor.Effective Programs
Effective programs include basic personal safety lessons that provide clear descriptions of safe and unsafe touch, such as "Safe touch is a touch that helps to keep you clean and healthy, like a when you are getting a shot from the doctor at the doctor's office." Effective programs also include guidelines for children on how to seek help if they are concerned for themselves or a friend—with the instructions to tell a trusted adult, and to keep telling, until you get the help they need. Effective programs are research-based, are age- and developmentally appropriate, and include examples of how families can talk with their children. Parents and guardians need support and guidance in handling sensitive situations, such as responding to disclosure of abuse. Effective programs reduce abuse incidents, increase children's comfort with saying no, and increase the likelihood that children will seek assistance if they do experience abuse.An integrated approach that includes schools, communities, children, and their families and that uses developmentally appropriate tools and strategies will provide the best opportunity to prevent child sexual abuse and keep children safe.byAndy Satyakusuma -
Democracy is a means of running a government so that the people come first, and basic human rights are respected and upheld. A democrat, by nature, is an individual who tends to be more liberal and open minded, and in a sense, more understanding in regards to certain political and social issues that affect communities all around the world. Democracy is simply a means for each individual nation to truly form their own identity, yet be a part of the global movement that is changing how we think.The idea of democracy has been understood and applied in different ways, both temporally and culturally, with democracy taking various forms in different societies. From a historical perspective, the direct democracy of ancient Athens has been transformed into the representative democracy that is common todayIn spite of the success and popularity of democratic system of government around the world in our modern time, democracy is still susceptible to the manipulation of unruly politicians and political leaders who are ill-bent to use democracy as a cover to create disorder and chaos in the society. It is certainly the case for those with hidden agenda, ruthless pursuit of power and wealth, which often time run contrary to the tenets of the democratic government. spell the death of democracy itself. Factions baying for power would arise within the democratic government. And because these factions only see democracy as a tool to be used to ascend into power, their squabbling and abuse of democratic principles create chaos and disorder in the system.The abuse of democracy is exacerbated by the fact that the core principles of democracy are susceptible to the influence of rogue elements. Consequently, the country becomes ungovernable due to the unruly behaviors of the various power-hungry politicians jostling for power. Eventually, the citizens charge with maintain democracy through electoral process began to lose control of the country as wealth and factional fighting become the determinants of the public lives. Voters apathy set in and the system become dysfunctional. Democracy eventually degenerate into anarchy and lawlessness as unscrupulous political leaders take charge of the country and start purging the voice of dissent from within.The longstanding hate and mistrust among ethnic groups, Southern Sudan for example, make democracy a recipe for conflict rather than a solace and refuge for the tormented. This abuse of democratic system has resulted in contested elections that precipitate violence and civil unrest during the last year general election. Instead of promoting peace and development in the developing world, democracy fuels ethnic and tribal divisions since it legitimizes differences as separate political groupings battle it out on tribal or religious grounds. Worse still, manipulative re-election politicking produces many policies that are not necessarily in the interests of the State or the people these politicians represent or serve. Rather, the policies, if any, are all machiavellistic: tailored toward acquisition and maintenance of power by hooks and crooks. Sacrosanct democratic principles such as the universal suffrage end up being abused than served.Democracy, dissimilarly to other forms of government, prides itself on the fact that the governed control the government. Therefore, the actions of the government are aimed at the fulfillment of the desires and aspirations of the governed majority. Hence, Locke reckons that the political authority and the justification for its existence rest on the voluntary consent of the subjects under it. Thus, the legitimacy of the government is based on this social contract between the governed and the governors, electable by the majority to serve their interests. Because Locke holds the view that there is justice in the state of nature, unlike Hobbes, he reasons that humans, being moral agents, can agree, though social contract, to the formation of a central government that can advance the protection and preservation of their natural rights. And because such government is a product of a voluntary consent of people whose natural rights would be protected, it is therefore justified and a legitimate government. People would be submitting to it because of the benefits accrue unto them but not out of coercion or enslavementWhereas others might see the very successes of democracy as its eventual cause of its self-destruction, it is also true to argue that the success of democracy create a society where only democratic principles are the cultural norms expected of all political players. It is for this reason that democracy is the main system of government in this 21st century
-
-
Effects of Domestic Violence on Children
- Children who witness domestic violence are at increased risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder.
- Most experts believe that children who are raised in abusive homes learn that violence is an effective way to resolve conflicts and problems.
- Older children may be harmed while trying to protect the abused parent. Children in violent homes may “indirectly” receive injuries. They may be hurt when household items are thrown or weapons are used. Infants may be injured if being held by the survivor when the abuser strikes out.
- Although children may not observe the violence, they almost always are aware that it is occurring.
- Children from violent homes often experience depression, anxiety, fear, and guilt. These children live in constant fear of injury to their non-abusive parent and themselves. They may feel guilty about loving or hating the abuser, blame themselves for causing the violence or feel utterly helpless about being able to stop the violence.
Effects of Domestic Violence on Woman
Domestic violence has a significant impact on the health and well-being of women both in the immediate and longer term, continuing even after the relationship has ended. The psychological consequences of violence can be as serious as the physical effects. Exposure to violence leads to poorer physical health overall compared with women who have not experienced violence and it increases the risk of women developing a range of health problems.
Immediate health impacts
- Physical injuries - such as cuts, scrapes and bruises, fractures, dislocated bones and Hearing loss
- Vision loss Miscarriage or early delivery
- Sexually transmitted diseases
- Knife wounds
- Homicide
Long term health impacts
- Gastrointestinal disorders associated with stress
- Headaches
- Back pain
- Fainting Seizures
- Gynaecological problems
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Eating disorders
- Post traumatic stress disorder
- Alcohol and substance misuse
- Suicide
- Homicide
Effects of Domestic Violence on Man
Male victims of domestic violence can and are frequently victims of abuse in the home, either at the hands of their female or, in the case of same-sex relationships, their male partner. Abuse is a control issue - abusers believe they have the right to manipulate, control and humilate another person, and this belief is not only held by some men but also by some women.
Many of the effects of abuse for the male victim of domestic violence are the same as for women. They are likely to feel deeply shamed, frightened, experience a loss of self-worth and confidence, feel isolated, guilty and confused about the situation.
A lot of male victims of abuse however, have great difficulty defining it as such. This is partially due to the image in society generally has of Man. Men are often thought of as strong, domineering and macho. Boys, even at a young age, are taught that it is unmanly to cry ("big boys don't cry"). To many, the idea of a grown man being frightened or vulnerable is a taboo, the idea of a man - usually physically the stronger - of being battered, ludicrous. Hence many male victims of abuse may feel "less of a man" for suffering abuse, feel as though they are in some way not manly enough and ought to have the ability to prevent the abuse.
The reality though is that even if a man is physically attacked by their wives or partners, many men will take a beating rather than hitting back to defend themselves and risk harming their attacker, and even if they do, they are aware that they then risk being accused of being an abuser themselves. But abuse is not always physical, and a lot of men, in common with many women, face daily emotional, verbal and psychological abuse in silence for years, their self-esteem being slowly eroded away, more and more isolated from those around them.
Written ByAndy Satyakusuma -
Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive behavior which may include physical and sexual violence, threats, insults, and economic deprivation which is aimed at gaining then maintaining power over an intimate partner. People of all races, cultures, professions, educational backgrounds, sexual orientations, and socio-economic status experience domestic violence.Types of Abuse
There are five major types of abuse: physical, emotional, sexual, social and spiritual. Below are listed only a few examples of each type of abuse.Physical Abuse- Throwing objects at the survivor
- Pushing or shoving the survivor
- Threatening the survivor with weapons
- Hitting, punching or kicking the survivor
- Choking or throwing the survivor
Social Abuse- Insulting the survivor publicly
- Putting down the survivor’s capabilities as a spouse, parent, lover or worker
- Demanding all of the survivor’s attention and resenting any focus on others
- Isolating the survivor from friends or activities
- Spending money without first meeting basic financial obligations
Sexual Abuse- Expecting the survivor to have sex after an abusive incident
- Criticizing the survivor’s sexual performance
- Withholding affection to punish the survivor
- Accusing the survivor of looking at, talking to, or having sex with another
Spiritual Abuse- Discounting the survivor’s sense of right or wrong
- Denying the survivor’s value as a person with legitimate wants and likes
- Questioning the survivor’s sense of reality
- Denying, minimizing or ridiculing the survivor’s spiritual belief
Why Does the victims Stay and Silence?
LOVE. Many survivors remember the person they fell in love with (prior to the abuse beginning) and want to believe the abuse will end. Often, survivors don’t want the relationship to end; they only want the abuse to stop.
TERROR. Abusers terrorize, threaten, and intimidate their partners. Statistically, the chances of the abuser severely injuring or murdering their partner significantly escalates when the partner is trying to leave the relationship.
SHAME. Although abuse is never the survivor’s fault, many survivors feel ashamed that someone is hurting them. Survivors may believe, “this doesn’t happen to people like me.”FEAR OF THE UNKNOWN. Will the abuser continue to stalk and terrorize me after I leave? Will I be alone the rest of my life? Will the children and I end up homeless? Will people believe me or blame me when I seek help?IMPACT OF ONGOING ABUSE. The survivor’s sense of self has likely been damaged by ongoing abuse. Their identity may be entirely enmeshed in the abuser’s identity due to isolation and ongoing verbal and/or physical abuse. They may start to believe the abuse is their fault or that they’re an inherently bad person.written byAndy Satyakusuma
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)