Politik di Indonesian sejak Era Reformasi (Tahun 1998-Sekarang)
Budaya politik yang berkembang pada era reformasi ini adalah budaya politik yang lebih berorientasi pada kekuasaan yang berkemb...
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Effects of Domestic Violence on Children
- Children who witness domestic violence are at increased risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder.
- Most experts believe that children who are raised in abusive homes learn that violence is an effective way to resolve conflicts and problems.
- Older children may be harmed while trying to protect the abused parent. Children in violent homes may “indirectly” receive injuries. They may be hurt when household items are thrown or weapons are used. Infants may be injured if being held by the survivor when the abuser strikes out.
- Although children may not observe the violence, they almost always are aware that it is occurring.
- Children from violent homes often experience depression, anxiety, fear, and guilt. These children live in constant fear of injury to their non-abusive parent and themselves. They may feel guilty about loving or hating the abuser, blame themselves for causing the violence or feel utterly helpless about being able to stop the violence.
Effects of Domestic Violence on Woman
Domestic violence has a significant impact on the health and well-being of women both in the immediate and longer term, continuing even after the relationship has ended. The psychological consequences of violence can be as serious as the physical effects. Exposure to violence leads to poorer physical health overall compared with women who have not experienced violence and it increases the risk of women developing a range of health problems.
Immediate health impacts
- Physical injuries - such as cuts, scrapes and bruises, fractures, dislocated bones and Hearing loss
- Vision loss Miscarriage or early delivery
- Sexually transmitted diseases
- Knife wounds
- Homicide
Long term health impacts
- Gastrointestinal disorders associated with stress
- Headaches
- Back pain
- Fainting Seizures
- Gynaecological problems
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Eating disorders
- Post traumatic stress disorder
- Alcohol and substance misuse
- Suicide
- Homicide
Effects of Domestic Violence on Man
Male victims of domestic violence can and are frequently victims of abuse in the home, either at the hands of their female or, in the case of same-sex relationships, their male partner. Abuse is a control issue - abusers believe they have the right to manipulate, control and humilate another person, and this belief is not only held by some men but also by some women.
Many of the effects of abuse for the male victim of domestic violence are the same as for women. They are likely to feel deeply shamed, frightened, experience a loss of self-worth and confidence, feel isolated, guilty and confused about the situation.
A lot of male victims of abuse however, have great difficulty defining it as such. This is partially due to the image in society generally has of Man. Men are often thought of as strong, domineering and macho. Boys, even at a young age, are taught that it is unmanly to cry ("big boys don't cry"). To many, the idea of a grown man being frightened or vulnerable is a taboo, the idea of a man - usually physically the stronger - of being battered, ludicrous. Hence many male victims of abuse may feel "less of a man" for suffering abuse, feel as though they are in some way not manly enough and ought to have the ability to prevent the abuse.
The reality though is that even if a man is physically attacked by their wives or partners, many men will take a beating rather than hitting back to defend themselves and risk harming their attacker, and even if they do, they are aware that they then risk being accused of being an abuser themselves. But abuse is not always physical, and a lot of men, in common with many women, face daily emotional, verbal and psychological abuse in silence for years, their self-esteem being slowly eroded away, more and more isolated from those around them.
Written ByAndy Satyakusuma -
Domestic violence is a pattern of coercive behavior which may include physical and sexual violence, threats, insults, and economic deprivation which is aimed at gaining then maintaining power over an intimate partner. People of all races, cultures, professions, educational backgrounds, sexual orientations, and socio-economic status experience domestic violence.Types of Abuse
There are five major types of abuse: physical, emotional, sexual, social and spiritual. Below are listed only a few examples of each type of abuse.Physical Abuse- Throwing objects at the survivor
- Pushing or shoving the survivor
- Threatening the survivor with weapons
- Hitting, punching or kicking the survivor
- Choking or throwing the survivor
Social Abuse- Insulting the survivor publicly
- Putting down the survivor’s capabilities as a spouse, parent, lover or worker
- Demanding all of the survivor’s attention and resenting any focus on others
- Isolating the survivor from friends or activities
- Spending money without first meeting basic financial obligations
Sexual Abuse- Expecting the survivor to have sex after an abusive incident
- Criticizing the survivor’s sexual performance
- Withholding affection to punish the survivor
- Accusing the survivor of looking at, talking to, or having sex with another
Spiritual Abuse- Discounting the survivor’s sense of right or wrong
- Denying the survivor’s value as a person with legitimate wants and likes
- Questioning the survivor’s sense of reality
- Denying, minimizing or ridiculing the survivor’s spiritual belief
Why Does the victims Stay and Silence?
LOVE. Many survivors remember the person they fell in love with (prior to the abuse beginning) and want to believe the abuse will end. Often, survivors don’t want the relationship to end; they only want the abuse to stop.
TERROR. Abusers terrorize, threaten, and intimidate their partners. Statistically, the chances of the abuser severely injuring or murdering their partner significantly escalates when the partner is trying to leave the relationship.
SHAME. Although abuse is never the survivor’s fault, many survivors feel ashamed that someone is hurting them. Survivors may believe, “this doesn’t happen to people like me.”FEAR OF THE UNKNOWN. Will the abuser continue to stalk and terrorize me after I leave? Will I be alone the rest of my life? Will the children and I end up homeless? Will people believe me or blame me when I seek help?IMPACT OF ONGOING ABUSE. The survivor’s sense of self has likely been damaged by ongoing abuse. Their identity may be entirely enmeshed in the abuser’s identity due to isolation and ongoing verbal and/or physical abuse. They may start to believe the abuse is their fault or that they’re an inherently bad person.written byAndy Satyakusuma -
Domestic violence, also known as Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), is typically attributed to a psychological cause due to the fact that perpetrators are often diagnosed with personality disorders and psychopathy. Compared to the general population, domestic violence perpetrators have a higher prevalence for many mental illnesses, in particular, Personality Disorder, Psychopathy and Social Phobia.The role of Personality Disorder and Psychopathy in mediating characteristics commonly found amongst domestic violence perpetrators will be discussed.
1. Psychopathy
Research has found mixed results in the connection between psychopathy and domestic violence. Traditionally, psychopathy is correlated with repeated and more violent batterers, This is evident in a research that looked at IPV perpetrators in prisons, and found that 72% of these offenders are psychopaths, Furthermore, these individuals are more impulsive, less empathetic and have lower self-esteem than their fellow non-psychopathic counterparts, In contrast, show that repeated batterers have a similar percentage of psychopathic disordersdiagnoses as non-repeated batterers, and that repeated batterers only show a higher tendency for mild psychopathic symptoms that are not severe enough to meet diagnostic criteria for psychopathic disorder.
A potential explanation to these obscure findings is that a stronger psychopathic tendency is only detected in IPV perpetrators when results are interpreted on a smaller scale as shown in a study by Swogger et al. They have found that antisocial batterers could be distinguished from antisocial violent offenders if only specific aspects rather than the overall psychopathy disposition are comparedDifferent types of psychopaths can be classified as follows :
Souled and Nonsouled Psychopaths
Souled psychopaths are either environmentally programmed to act against their own conscience, or else have made the consistent choice to behave in a narcissistic and predatory manner.
Those who are programmed have chance for recovery, while the attempt to change those who choose psychopathy only reinforces their behavior. Souled psychopaths feel love and hate, but only love for self and hate for others.Those who face adversity during childhood often mature into criminal psychopaths, while those who have more secure upbringings are less maladjusted and become successful psychopaths. No amount of education, medication, or programming can instill genuine empathy and love within them, for they lack the soul nature necessary to exude these qualities. Both souled and non-souled psychopaths display disregard for the suffering of others.While the souled psychopath loves himself beyond everyone else and thus feels justified in exploiting them, the nonsouled psychopath freely exploits others because he lacks the ability to love or empathize with anything.GeneticsGenetic characteristics determine the physical biases, limitations, and capabilities of an individual.A nonsouled person will be at the mercy of these characteristics while a souled person can choose how to utilize them. Souls often select the bodies into which they incarnate, seeking ones which provide the optimal “toolbox” for their metaphysical needs and best serves their learning agenda or mission. Thus, genetics and soul nature tend to correspond.A nonsouled person with a “sharp” set of tools may, in accordance with environmental programming, use his or her intellectual abilities to deceive and manipulate with perfection. For example, the CEO who manipulated his way up the corporate ladder may simply be an nonsouled psychopath who used his genetic gifts to embody the societal norm of material success.
Genetic flaws can also result in brain abnormalities that hinder the balanced expression of emotion, a common condition in criminal psychopaths. Chemical and electromagnetic factors can exacerbate these tendencies.
The Metaphysical Significance of BloodlinesBecause soul nature and genetics are coupled, the metaphysical significance of bloodlines becomes clear.
Bloodlines are characterized by concentrations of specific genetic traits passed down through generations. Correspondingly, souled members of that bloodline share common metaphysical characteristics, suggesting that bloodlines provide the physical vehicle for the implementation of metaphysical goals requiring multiple generations to accomplish.
Thus there exist a variety of bloodlines, each with unique metaphysical predispositions. While some are altruistic and noble in nature, others exist to engage in parasitical elitism and are genetically biased toward successful psychopathy.
In that case, nonsouled members would have a high probability of being actively psychopathic. Among its souled members, most incarnate to optimally continue their malevolent agendas, while a few deviate and use their acquired abilities for the better. By genealogically tracing bloodlines and correlating them with historical data, one can determine the fundamental destiny of its descendents.2. Personality Disorder
The most common types of personality disorder diagnosed in IPV perpetrators are antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder, interestingly, maritally distressed men are not more prone to developing the same personality disorders as do IPV perpetrators. suggesting that the manifestations of borderline and antisocial personality disorder in perpetrators are beyond the environmental influence of poor marital relationships. A possible mediator between personality disorder and IPV perpetrator is one’s attachment style. Attachment is the first interpersonal bond that infants form with their significant others, and the form of this attachment has significant impacts on one’s self-regard, future relationships, and expectations of others. Two kinds of attachment related to IPV perpetrators are avoidant attachment, which is characterized by high independence and a lack of trust in others, and anxious attachment, which is often found in dependent individuals with low self-worth and great fear of being rejected by others.
People with Personality disorders may experience any of the following symptoms :
- Depression
- Mood swings
- Suicidal tendencies
- Anxiety, panic attacks, and phobias (flashbacks, reactions to stimuli or "triggers")
- Alcohol and drug abuse
- Compulsions and rituals
- Psychotic-like symptoms
written byAndy Satyakusuma
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